Salmonellosis in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Relevance. In 2020, there was a unique situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the anti-epidemic measures introduced in this regard. To date, the question of how these methods affect the spread of other infectious diseases, including salmonellosis, has not been studied. Target. To assess the impact of anti-epidemic measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemic process of salmonella infection in St. Petersburg. Materials and methods. Reporting form No. 2 of Rospotrebnadzor «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» for 2018–2020 and data from the State report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in St. Petersburg in 2019», «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in St. Petersburg in 2020». Data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft®, USA), Statistica for Windows (StatSoft®, USA) with the determination of the level of significance (p), the calculation of confidence intervals (95% CI) was carried out in the EpiTools application. Results. The incidence of salmonellosis in 2020 was significantly lower than in the previous 2 years 28.86 (95% CI 27.45–30.34) per 100 ths population, and in 2019 and 2018 – 49.8 (95% CI 47.9–51.7) and 39.21 (95% CI 37.6– 40.9) per 100 ths of the population respectively. When analyzing the incidence of salmonellosis in 1995 to 2020, it was revealed that in 2020 the incidence rate was the lowest over the past 25 years and below the multi-year average (37 per 100 ths population) in St. Petersburg by 22%. A decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis was observed in 2020 and in the Russian Federation as a whole compared to 2019, the indicator increased 1.6 times and amounted to 14.71 per 100 ths rubles. population (multi-year average – 29.1). In 2020, there was a change in the intra-annual incidence of salmonellosis. While the peak incidence of salmonellosis persisted in the autumn period (September–October), in 2020 there was no characteristic rise in the spring period, as was observed in 2018 and 2019, which may be due to the spring lockdown (p = 0.03). The decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis was due to a significant decrease in the incidence among adults, while this was not observed in other age groups. In 2018–2020, diseases in the population were caused by 61 serotypes of Salmonella: in 2018 – 33, in 2019 – 32, and in 2020 – 39 serotypes. During the pandemic, the decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis was due to the decrease in the incidence caused by S. Enteritis, which in 2020 amounted to 19.91 (95% CI 18.73-21.14) per 100 thousand population, while in 2019 – 39, 01 (95% CI 37.4–40.7) and in 2018 – 31.24 (95% CI 29.8–32.8) per 100 ths population. At the same time, the decrease in the incidence rate was a decrease in the incidence rate among adults, while in other age groups no changes in the incidence rate were observed. The incidence due to other salmonella serotypes did not change. There were no significant differences in the incidence of salmonellosis by sex and age. Conclusion. The measures introduced during the pandemic in 2020 led to a decrease in the incidence of salmonellosis in St. Petersburg by reducing the incidence of salmonellosis caused by S. Enteritidis among adults. © Lubimova AV, et al.

The Effect of FOXP3+Regulatory T Cells on Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

CD4+CD25+FOXP3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance in the body. The expression levels and functional stability of FOXP3 control the function and plasticity of Tregs. Tregs critically impact infectious diseases, especially by regulating the threshold of immune responses to pathogenic microorganisms. The functional regulatory mechanism and cell-specific surface markers of Tregs in different tissues and inflammatory microenvironments have been investigated in depth, which can provide novel ideas and strategies for immunotherapies targeting infectious diseases.Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved.

Molecular investigation of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella infection in children with community acquired diarrhea

Introduction : Acute gastroenteritis is a typical disorder that accounts for 8-12% of pediatric outpatient visits. Campylobacter and Salmonella infections account for about 8.4% and 11% of global diarrhea cases. Due to the importance of these bacteria in pediatric diseases, the aim of this study was to determine the infectious rate of Salmonella and Campylobacter species and also the frequency of the gene encoding Cytholethal distending toxin in children with community-acquired diarrhea. Materials and Methods: Stool samples of children under 5 years of age with diarrhea were collected. The samples were related to children referred to hospitals in Hamadan, Ardabil, Bandar Abbas and two hospitals in Tehran. DNA was extracted from the samples using a DNA extraction kit from stool. The presence of Campylobacter in the studied samples was detected by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. A control stool sample was spiked with 10-fold dilution of C. jejuni suspension for LOD (detection limit determination) measurement. Results: In this study, PCR results showed a LOD of 100 CFU per gram in the spiked feces sample. Accordingly, out of 144 fecal samples of children with acute diarrhea, one case was positive for Campylobacter jejuni;this sample was also positive for the presence of cdtB gene. Presence of Salmonella was confirmed in two samples of the patients (1.4%). Conclusion: Low prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella was detected in symptomatic children under 5 years of age during the Covid-19 pandemic. Examination of these samples for viruses and other microbial agents can clarify the etiology of diarrhea in children referred to the hospitals.

Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates from Retail Meats in Nanchang, China, in Two Periods.

Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens. In this article, a total of 160 Salmonella isolates recovered from retail meats in June-July 2018 (before COVID-19 outbreak) and December 2020-April 2021 (after COVID-19 outbreak) in Nanchang, China, were characterized for serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, and specific resistance gene screening. The prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium increased from 5.4% in 2018 to 19.1% in 2021, and Salmonella Enteritidis increased from 3.3% in 2018 to 8.8% in 2021. Compared with those in June-July 2018, Salmonella isolates in December 2020-April 2021 demonstrated a significant increase in resistance to 13 tested antibiotics except for doxycycline and nitrofurantoin (p < 0.05). The Salmonella isolates in December 2020-April 2021 showed a higher presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS), and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (gyrA Asp87Asn, gyrA Asp87Tyr, parC Thr57Ser, and parC Ser80Ile). Whole-genome sequencing was used to analyze four polymyxin B-resistant strains. Some common mutation sites in eptC and micA were found in the four strains. Based on the data in this article, it indicated that antibiotic resistance was facilitated and more gene mutations related to quinolone resistance were developed.

Unlocking the Potential of Genomic Data to Inform Typhoid Fever Control Policy: Supportive Resources for Genomic Data Generation, Analysis, and Visualization.

The global response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic demonstrated the value of timely and open sharing of genomic data with standardized metadata to facilitate monitoring of the emergence and spread of new variants. Here, we make the case for the value of Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) genomic data and demonstrate the utility of freely available platforms and services that support the generation, analysis, and visualization of S. Typhi genomic data on the African continent and more broadly by introducing the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention's Pathogen Genomics Initiative, SEQAFRICA, Typhi Pathogenwatch, TyphiNET, and the Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium.

Establishment and applications of a duplex quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of bovine rhinitis A virus and bovine rhinitis B virus

Bovine rhinitis virus (BRV) is an important pathogen responsible for the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) and can be divided into two genotypes (BRAV and BRBV). To establish a duplex quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of BRAV and BRBV, specific primers and TaqMan probes targeting the 5'NTR of BRAV and 3'NTR of BRBV were designed. A duplex quantitative real- time RT- PCR assay for simultaneous detecting BRAV and BRBV was preliminarily established by optimizing reaction conditions for each step. The assay specifically detects BRAV and BRBV, and no crossreaction with other common bovine respiratory pathogens, including IDV, BCoV, BVDV-1, BRSV, BPIV-3, BAdV-3, mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella, was observed. In addition, the sensitivity test showed that the detection limits of this assay were 3.2x101 copies/L for both BRAV and BRBV plasmid standards. Besides, the repeatability test showed that the variation coefficients of this assay were less than 0.05 from both lot-to-lot and intra-lot. These results showed that the assay has high specificity, extreme sensitivity, and good repeatability. Moreover, a total of 43 nasal swabs of BRDC cattle were tested by our assay and four other quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays, including 3 BRAV assays and 4 BRBV assays. The results showed that the detection rates of our assay were 32.56%(14/43) for BRAV and 30.23%(13/43) for BRBV, and the detection rates of other quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays were 0(0/43), 2.33%(1/43), 23.26%(10/43) for BRAV and 27.91% (12/43), 27.91%(12/43), 27.91%(12/43), 27.91%(12/43) for BRBV, indicating that our assay has a more substantial detection capability than other assays. This study firstly established a duplex quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of BRAV and BRBV, and the assay exhibited high specificity, sensitivity, and stability. Moreover, the study firstly confirmed the existence of BRAV in China, contributing to the prevention and control of BRDC.

Coinfection in the cases of feline panleukopenia: a literature review

Coinfection caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses complicates almost all feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infections. Pathogens that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, Clostridium perfingens, Clostridium piliforme, Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, Tritrichomonas fetus, canine parvovirus type 2,Salmonella sp., feline coronavirus, feline bocavirus, and feline astrovirus were isolated in the presence of FPV infection. Complex mechanisms between viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and hosts contribute to the pathogenesis and severity of coinfection. Prompt and accurate diagnosis, vaccination precautions, and appropriate treatment play important roles in reducing morbidity and mortality. This article outlines the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment that can help veterinarians and pet owners improve their knowledge of managing the diseases.

AMR Enzymatic inactivation mechanism attributed to fosA Gene antibiotic resistance among Covid 19 hospitalized patients

Introduction: The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes ARGs and their resistance genetic mechanisms among Covid- 19 patients are yet to be identified. The human microbiome is a significant reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. The overprescription of antimicrobials can select multi-resistant bacteria and modify the repertoire of ARGs in the gut. The World Health Organization has reported 148 million hospitalized cases worldwide. Objective(s): The purpose of the current study is to explore the genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, furthermore, to review their antibiotic resistance gene occurrence. Methodology 438 Microbiome of clinical hospitalized COVID-19 positive cases with 11 129 isolates were downloaded from the EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute and the NCBI Pathogen Detection using the following keywords AMR, mechanism of resistance, and COVID-19 SARS CoV 2 bacterial Infection.We also have used the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database Card, and RESfinder are used for the metagenomics analysis based on programming languages JavaScript and R (v. 4) for data analysis. Result(s): We explored the AMR diversity among prevalent microbes(n = 410), including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii E. coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.We found that Enzyme activation (72.7%) was the most prevalent mechanism due to the fosA gene 54.5%. Then the aadA2 gene (18%) and catA1 gene(9%). Moreover, the Increased efflux mechanisms were detected in Escherichia coli towards Quinolone using the oqxA gene (17.3%). FosA was also intermittently found in Salmonella (9.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.8%). Conclusion(s): We anticipate that FosA homologous is prevalent in Gram-negative bacterial infections among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and it encodes for Fosfomycin resistance. The findings might shed light on controlling Fosfomycin resistance among hospitalized patients with COVID-19.Copyright © 2023 The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

An end-point multiplex PCR/reverse transcription-PCR for detection of five agents of bovine neonatal diarrhea.

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is frequently associated with single or mixed viral, bacterial and/or protozoal infections. Consequently, laboratory diagnostic of NCD usually requires specific tests for each potential agent; a time-consuming, laborious and expensive process. Herein, we describe an end-point multiplex PCR/reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for detection of five major NCD agents: bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Escherichia coli K99 (E. coli K99), Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). Initially, we selected and/or designed high-coverage primers. Subsequently, we optimized multiplex PCR/RT-PCR conditions. Next, we evaluated the analytical sensitivity of the assay and assessed the performance of the reaction by testing 95 samples of diarrheic calf feces. The analytical specificity was evaluated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) and Eimeria spp. The detection limit of our assay was about 10 infectious units of BRV, 10-2 dilution of a BCoV positive sample pool, about 5 × 10-4 CFU for S. enterica, 5 × 10-6 CFU for E. coli K99 and 50 oocysts for C. parvum. No non-specific amplification of other bovine diarrhea agents was detected. Out of 95 samples analyzed, 50 were positive for at least one target, being 35 single and 15 mixed infections. BRV was the most frequent agent detected in single infections (16/35), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (11/35), which was the most frequent in mixed infections (11/15). Positive and negative multiplex results were confirmed in individual reactions. In conclusion, we described an end-point multiplex PCR/RT-PCR for faster and easier NCD diagnosis, which may be useful for routine diagnosis and surveillance studies.

A Simplified Amplification-Free Strategy with Lyophilized CRISPR-CcrRNA System for Drug-Resistant Salmonella Detection.

Drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become a major threat to global health. The misuse of antibiotics has increased the number of resistant bacteria in the absence of rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostic tools. Here, an amplification-free CRISPR-Cas12a time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic assay (AFC-TRFIA) is used to detect drug-resistant Salmonella. Multi-locus targeting in combination crRNA (CcrRNA) is 27-fold more sensitive than a standalone crRNA system. The lyophilized CRISPR system further simplifies the operation and enables one-pot detection. Induction of nucleic acid fixation via differentially charged interactions reduced the time and cost required for flowmetric chromatography with enhanced stability. The induction of nucleic acid fixation via differentially charged interactions reduces the time and cost required for flowmetric chromatography with enhanced stability. The platform developed for the detection of drug-resistant Salmonella has an ultra-sensitive detection limit of 84 CFU mL-1 within 30 min, with good linearity in the range of 102 -106 CFU mL-1 . In real-world applications, spiked recoveries range from 76.22% to 145.91%, with a coefficient of variation less than 10.59%. AFC-TRFIA offers a cost-effective, sensitive, and virtually equipment-independent platform for preventing foodborne illnesses, screening for drug-resistant Salmonella, and guiding clinical use.

Therapeutic and Dietary Support for Gastrointestinal Tract Using Kefir as a Nutraceutical Beverage: Dairy-Milk-Based or Plant-Sourced Kefir Probiotic Products for Vegan and Lactose-Intolerant Populations

Kefir is a fermented milk beverage different in consistency and taste from other popular milk-product yogurt. Unlike yogurt prepared using lactic acid bacteria in fermentation, milk is fermented for kefir production using preculture in the form of kefir grains. Therefore, the metabolic activities of a mixed culture, including strains of bacteria and yeast, contribute to the probiotic characteristics in kefir. This article is based on the review of published studies on the functionality and nutraceutical properties of kefir. The therapeutic and dietary properties of kefir beverage and its probiotic strains have been discussed for their several health benefits. Concise selected information mostly from recent reports has been presented for two categories of kefir products: milk used for the production of dairy-based traditional kefir beverages for the lactose-tolerant population, and the plant-sourced substrates used for the production of dairy-free kefir beverages for lactose-intolerant and vegan consumers.

Experimental study of the disinfection performance of a 222-nm Far-UVC upper-room system on airborne microorganisms in a full-scale chamber

222-nm Far-UVC light is an emerging and promising tool for rapidly inactivating airborne pathogens. In this study, we experimentally evaluated the performance of a 222-nm Far-UVC upper-room disinfection system with a 15 W Far-UVC lamp in a full-scale chamber (11.9 m3). One gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and two gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica were selected for the experiments. The aerosolized bacteria were injected into the chamber and exposed to 222-nm Far-UVC light. The first-order decay rates of indoor bioaerosols concentration with and without Far-UVC treatment were estimated. According to the results, the 222-nm Far-UVC induced decay rates of three bacteria were 0.0611 ± 0.003, 0.409 ± 0.048, and 0.474 ± 0.015 min−1, respectively. Besides, the UV susceptibility constants (Z-values) of these three bacteria were estimated as 0.157, 0.974, and 1.18 m2/J, respectively. The gram-positive bacteria, S. epidermidis, showed higher resistance to Far-UVC light as compared to the gram-negative bacteria, E. coli and S. enterica. In addition, a case study on airborne SARS-CoV-2 indoor transmission was simulated, and the infection risk of SARS-CoV-2 was compared using the Far-UVC and enhanced ventilation approaches. The results showed that both UV inactivation and ventilation approaches can significantly reduce the infection risk. More importantly, the Far-UVC may be a feasible and sustainable solution for reducing infection risk and improving indoor air quality. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Reversible parkinsonism post combined infection with COVID- 19 and typhoid

Objective: To describe a case of levo-dopa responsive parkinsonism secondary to combined COVID-19 and Enteric fever in a patient Background: The first link between viruses and parkinsonism comes from the possible relationship between lethargic encephalitis and the Spanish flu of 1918.In addition, other viruses, including West Nile virus, herpes viruses, influenza A virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have been associated with parkinsonism Methods: A 31 years old presented with fever ,headache for 5 days followed by altered sensorium. At presentation he had neck rigidity ,was localizing to pain ,not fully oriented and not following verbal command but he had hypoxia and need nasal oxygen support.He had D-Dimer 12506,COVID-19 RTPCR positive and was treated with Remdesivir,ceftriaxone ,dexamethasone after which he had improvement in sensorium.At day 6 of illness he had generalized rigidity,bradykinesia with slow hypophonic speech and was needing support to sit and walk . A provisional diagnosis of infection related parkinsonism was considered and Cerebrospinal fluid study,MRI Brain and spine ,Blood culture were done .His Cerebrospinal fluid study has normal protein , glucose,cells, stains and culture and negative autoimmune and paraneoplastic plane . His urine culture,blood culture was positive for salmonella typhi and serum widal titre was 1:640.MRI Brain and spine does not show any new abnormalities except old trauma sequalae. He was treated with Levo-dopa carbidopa and titrated to a dose of 675 mg/day and had sustained improvement with levo-dopa carbidopa .There are 6 other case of COVID-19 associated parkinsonism in literature .There are also few case of typhoid associated case of parkinsonism described in literature . Our patient had combined infection of both COVID-19 and typhoid associated parkinsonism. Result(s): We report a case of Infection related parkinsonism secondary to combined COVID-19 plus typhoid infection Conclusion(s): Exploring the potential relationship of co-infection SARS-CoV-2 and Salmonella typhi infection with development of parkinsonism is essential because of the epidemiological implications,as well as to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiological aspects of these disorders.

Novel pro-and eukaryotic expression plasmid expressing omicron antigens delivered via Salmonella elicited MHC class I and II based protective immunity.

The latest omicron variants are emerging with mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) that confer immune evasion and resistance against current vaccines. Such variants have raised the peril of future vaccine effectiveness, as leading vaccines target the spike protein. Type-IV hypersensitivity, and other ailments due to the dominant Th1 response by leading vaccines, is also to be resolved. Therefore, vaccine that target diverse SARS-CoV-2 proteins and provide broad-spectrum protection and a balanced Th1 and Th2 response is an indispensable armament against the pandemic. In that prospect, a novel dual expression plasmid pJHL270 was developed and demonstrated the expression of omicron antigens exogenously from Salmonella and endogenously in the host cells. The simultaneous activation of MHC class I and II molecules culminated in a balanced Th1 and Th2 response, which was evident through the upsurge of IgG, IgA antibodies, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, cytokine responses and CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes. The level of CD44+ cells showed the trigger for Th1 and Th2 balance and memory-cell activation for long-lasting immunity. The level of IFN-γ + cells and neutralizing antibodies signifies the anti-viral response. The vaccine protected the hamsters from BA.5 and BA.2.75 omicron viral-challenge, exhibited a significant reduction in lung viral-load and histopathological lesions. In addition to two-way antigen expression and bilateral immune elicitation, this Salmonella-based vaccine delivery system can be prospectively applied to humans and a broad range of animals as a convenient alternative to viral and chemical vaccine delivery approaches.

Acute Diarrhea in Adults

Acute diarrheal disease accounts for 179 million outpatient visits annually in the United States. Diarrhea can be categorized as inflammatory or noninflammatory, and both types have infectious and noninfectious causes. Infectious noninflammatory diarrhea is often viral in etiology and is the most common presentation;however, bacterial causes are also common and may be related to travel or foodborne illness. History for patients with acute diarrhea should include onset and frequency of symptoms, stool character, a focused review of systems including fever and other symptoms, and evaluation of exposures and risk factors. The physical examination should include evaluation for signs of dehydration, sepsis, or potential surgical processes. Most episodes of acute diarrhea in countries with adequate food and water sanitation are uncomplicated and self-limited, requiring only an initial evaluation and supportive treatment. Additional diagnostic evaluation and management may be warranted when diarrhea is bloody or mucoid or when risk factors are present, including immunocompromise or recent hospitalization. Unless an outbreak is suspected, molecular studies are preferred over traditional stool cultures. In all cases, management begins with replacing water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Oral rehydration is preferred;however, signs of severe dehydration or sepsis warrant intravenous rehydration. Antidiarrheal agents can be symptomatic therapy for acute watery diarrhea and can help decrease inappropriate antibiotic use. Empiric antibiotics are rarely warranted, except in sepsis and some cases of travelers' or inflammatory diarrhea. Targeted antibiotic therapy may be appropriate following microbiologic stool assessment. Hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and food and water safety measures are integral to preventing infectious diarrheal illnesses.Copyright © 2022 American Academy of Family Physicians.

Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella spp. from Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Thailand

Objective: The impact of COVID-19 on the number and antibiogram profile of Salmonella was studied between January 2018 and December 2021. The present time period included years before the COVID-19 pandemic, which are 2018 and 2019, and during the pandemic, which are 2020 and 2021. Material(s) and Method(s): Salmonella infections were classified into eight distinct serogroups using slide agglutination with specific antisera (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and I). The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents were evaluated by the standard disk diffusion method. Result(s): Four hundred fifty-one isolates were detected (139 in 2018, 119 in 2019, 102 in 2021, and 91 in 2021). Salmonella infection decreased by 25.2% from 258 isolates in 2018 and 2019 to 193 in 2020 and 2021. When comparing Salmonella infections in different age groups (0 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30, 31 to 40, 41 to 50, 51 to 60, 61 to 70, and older than 70 years), before and during COVID-19, statistical significance was noted only in patients aged 11 to 20 (p=0.016). For clinical specimens (stool, blood, urine, pus, etc.), statistical significance was found only in blood specimens (p=0.036). The four most predominant Salmonella serogroups were B (31.1%), C (30.6%), E (15.7%), and D (11.4%). S. Typhi was present in 2.1% (4/193) of Salmonella isolates during COVID-19. The findings of a susceptibility test using the disk diffusion method for four commonly used drugs in treatment of severe salmonellosis as ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, before and during COVID-19 demonstrated statistical significance only in Salmonella serogroup D (p=0.028). Overall, drug susceptibility of Salmonella serogroup B, C, D, and E was ampicillin (range 15.1% to 55.9%), cefotaxime (range 66.7% to 100%), ciprofloxacin (range 18.8% to 59.1%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (range 70.0% to 93.8%). Conclusion(s): The present study results suggested the importance of monitoring the prevalence of Salmonella at a hospital in Bangkok. The antibiogram of susceptibility helps provide guidelines for clinician to consider empirical treatment.Copyright © 2023 JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND.

Viral enteritis in cattle: To well known viruses and beyond

Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy calves in their first month of life and also affecting adult cattle, resulting in large economic losses and a negative impact on animal welfare. Despite the usual multifactorial origin, viruses are generally involved, being among the most important causes of diarrhea. There are several viruses that have been confirmed as etiological agents (i.e., rotavirus and coronavirus), and some viruses that are not yet confirmed as etiological agents. This review summarizes the viruses that have been detected in the enteric tract of cattle and tries to deepen and gather knowledge about them.Copyright © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Possession of exotic animals and zoonotic diseases: an approach from the Mexican context

The possession of exotic animals as pets is a social practice that has become more visible in Mexico in recent years, so it is interesting to understand its environmental and social implications and those related to human health. The present study aims to identify the main species of exotic animals kept as pets and the zoonotic diseases reported in these species. We analyzed official figures of seizures of exotic fauna in Mexico and reviewed specialized literature on zoonotic diseases documented in Mexico in these species. We identified zoonoses in species of fauna that can be acquired legally and illegally in the country, reported in environments in which animals coexist with other species and are in direct contact with people, which represents an important factor in the spread and propensity of this type of disease. We conclude that the sanitary regulation of wildlife markets, the monitoring and studying microorganisms associated with wildlife are valuable strategies to prevent the emergence of zoonoses.

Differentiating infectious from non-infectious respiratory disease in the cat and dog

This paper describes the clinical signs and use of differential laboratory diagnostic techniques (computed tomography, cytology, histopathology, antigen/antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction) for infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and non-infectious (inflammatory/immune mediated, neoplastic, cardiac, malformation, foreign body, smoke inhalation, aspiration of caustic material, non-cardiogenic, pulmonary oedema, traumativ, pneumothorax, pulmonary contusions and idiopathic) causes of respiratory diseases in cats and dogs in Ontario, Canada.

One-step multiple TaqMan real-time RT-PCR for simultaneous detection of swine diarrhea viruses

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish a one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR method to simultaneously detect and quantify five swine diarrhea related viruses, PEDV, GARV, PDCoV, SADS-CoV and PTV, so as to provide an efficient and sensitive tool for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of porcine diarrhea. Method: The ORF3 gene sequences of several genotypes of PEDV were analyzed, and then the primers and probes were designed for detection of PEDV field strains by referring to the ORF3 genes, which contained deletion mutations in attenuated strains. The 5'-end conserved region of NSP5 genes of GARV G3, G4, G5 and G9 strains were analyzed for design of probes and primers. The specific primers and probes targeting to the conserved regions of PDCoV M, PTV 5'UTR and SADS-CoV N genes were designed for detection of the pathogens. The ROC curves were completed by referring to parameters that were set in RStudio. The specificity value, sensitivity value, and areas under the curves (AUC) and Youden value were calculated according to ROC curves to determine the cut-off CT value. The amplified fragments were cloned into pEASY-T1 vector. The standards prepared through in vitro transcription were named as cRNA-PEDV, cRNA-GARV, cRNA-PDCoV, cRNA-PTV and cRNA-SADS-CoV. The sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR were evaluated. Coincidence rate between this and another similar method were compared in the detection of clinical samples. Result: Both the annealing temperature and optimal concentrations of primers and probes were obtained for detection of the five pathogens. According to the ROC curve, the CT cut off values for detection of PEDV, GARV, PDCoV, PTV, and SADS-CoV were set as 35.78, 34.25, 34.98, 34.60, and 35.70, respectively. The detection sensitivity of this method for the five pathogens could reach 1..102 copies/L. The standard curves had a good linear relationship and the amplification efficiency was between 96.3% and 104%. The established method could not detect the PEDV vaccine strains and other swine infecting viruses and bacteria including TGEV, CSFV, PRV, PRRSV, S.choleraesuis, P.multocida, E.coli, S.suis and S.aureus. The repeatability test showed the range of intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variability: 0.22% to 3.08% and 0.89% to 4.0%, respectively. The detection coincidence rates of the established detection method and another similar method for the five pathogens in 242 clinical samples were 97.9%, 98.8%, 100%, 98.3% and 100% for PEDV, GARV, PDCoV, PTV and SADS-CoV, respectively. The Kappa values were all higher than 0.9. The method had advantage over a commercial diagnostic kit for detection of PEDV wild strains in accuracy. Detection results with clinical samples showed that positive rates of PEDV, GARV, PDCoV and PTV was 10.7% (26/242), 13.6% (33/242), 18.2% (44/242) and 14.5% (35/242), respectively, demonstrating the prevalence state of the four pathogens in Sichuan province in the years. SADS-CoV was not detectable in any areas, but the phenomenon of coinfection with different diarrhea causing viruses was common. Therefore, it was necessary to strengthen the surveillance of several porcine diarrhea viruses in Sichuan province for preventive control. Conclusion: In this study, a one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR was established for simultaneous detection of PEDV wild strains, PDCoV, SADS-COV and GARV, PTV multiple genotypes, which provided an efficient and sensitive tool for the differential diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of swine diarrhea disease.